expression of difference, but one of a common political ideology and identity (Whitmire, 2013, Latigo, James, "The Acholi Traditional Conflict Resolution in Light of Current Circumstances:". Farming and hunting dominated the live in this rural [23] This resulted in resistance building up in the region and soon a host of rebel groups sprang up in the north. The third group of spirits were those of unknown persons and dangerous beasts; these were hostile, personified as ghosts, believed to cause sickness and other misfortunes, and dealt with by means of spirit possession. Anywa Adhola Western Nilotic Eastern Nilotic Southern Nilotic, Burun Lwoo Nuer-Dinka Teso-Turkana Bari Maa-Lotuko, North South Luo peoples - Wikipedia Political Organizations | Internal Revenue Service - IRS tax forms Social Control. It is part of the Southern Lwoo languages They also kept goats, sheep and cattle. The full integration of the Acholi into the British colonial complex happened comparatively late. They were approached in regard to such general concerns as good health, fertility, and appeals or thanks for good harvests in ceremonies that usually emphasized the consciousness, cohesiveness, and continuation of their respective groups as functioning corporate entities. Traditionally, a grave is dug as soon as a person has died, following which a small and brief ceremony is held in the deceased's house prior to burial. before. Until 1967 Uganda was a quasi-federal polity that included five subregional monarchies, non-monarchical districts, and a central government. 102-104, Southern Sudan and the Government of the Republic of the South Sudan, State Minister for Foreign Affairs (International Affairs), https://www.peoplegroups.org/explore/GroupDetails.aspx?peid=15068#topmenu, "2014 Uganda Population and Housing Census Main Report", https://www.peoplegroups.org/explore/GroupDetails.aspx?peid=14887#topmenu, James Ojent Latigo, Chapter 4: "Northern Uganda tradition-based practices in the Acholi region, 1. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Mass meetings were organized separately by Luo people in Kavirondo and the Kikuyu people in Nairobi. These figures represent population densities of 20.4 persons per square kilometer in 1980, 16.5 per square kilometer in 1969, and about one-fourth and one-fifth the 1969 densities during the earlier two periods. Conflict. time was critical to the social and political development of the region. University of Bradford eThesis This thesis is hosted in Bradford Scholars - The University of Bradford Open Access repository. Atkinson, Ronald R. (1994). "Is Alice Lakwena a Witch? Idi Amin (197179) the Acholi were severely persecuted and their men systematically executed for their past association with the colonial army and for their support of Pres. The He understood the emergence of an Acholi identity as a final step in a social process that did not While rwodi, 17 de fevereiro de 2022 / Category . Many of the Acholi soldiers who joined the Kings African Rifles (KAR), the British colonial army, were deployed to the frontlines in southeast Asia especially in Singapore and Burma during the World War II where they held British positions against an intense Japanese offensive. [25], Some of the groups in Acholi, like the UPDA, detested the Museveni regime because it had overthrown the government in which they served. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. He and others have suggested it could help the nation more than adopting the Western system of the International Criminal Court at The Hague (although some charges had already been filed against LRA leaders in 2005 there. Most online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers. The colonial experience of the Acholi differed greatly from the experience of those in the In East African Childhood: Three Versions, edited by L. K. Fox, 43-75. Ocheng, D. O. "The Concept of Jok among the Acholi and Lango." Since Ugandan forces pushed the LRA out of Northern Uganda, the majority were able to return to their homes, though without much in the way of government support. Orientation The majority of elected members of parliament in the Acholi sub-region are members of the opposition.[14]. Milton Obote (196271, 198085). ETHNONYMS: Mende (Men-day), Mendes, Huro, Wuro At its peak in 2005 over In precolonial Acholi, lineage heads and elders were most responsible somewhat better off than others before the latter part of the nineteenth Atkinson (2011 [1994]) wrote on this issue: First came the establishment of new, chiefly, socio-political institutions and ideology. This disorder in Acholi contrasts sharply with the solid organisation of Buganda, which always has a centralized, well-thought out and weighted responses to critical issues such as land and political contention that affect the kingdom. The cookie is used by cdn services like CloudFare to identify individual clients behind a shared IP address and apply security settings on a per-client basis. Despite the years of leadership by men from the North, that region continued to be marginalized economically after independence, and has suffered higher rates of poverty than other areas of the country. Forging Forgiveness: Collective Efforts Amidst War in Northern Uganda As they have for centuries, Acholi farmers rely mainly on iron hoes and other hand tools. "Some Notes on Acholi Religious Ceremonies." This article was most recently revised and updated by, Minority Rights Group International - World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples - Acholi. Precolonial trade, both within Acholi and throughout the region, focused mainly on obtaining iron ore and finished iron products in exchange for baskets or products of the farm, herd, or hunt. Mothers are responsible for the initial care of their children and for much of their socialization. This trade brought new wealth into Acholi that was unevenly accumulated, with rwodi and interpreters (and eventually their sons and other kinsmen) the major beneficiaries. Orientation (1991). Movement. Acholi by international trade, and descendants of some of these men used One illustration of this is the various spirit-possession-based millennial (and military) movements that have been prominent in Acholi during the extremely difficult period of the late 1980s and early 1990s, most famously the Holy Spirit Movement of Alice Lakwena. and slave trades, and the firearms that accompanied them, conflict Identification. All procedures are conducted with care, to attempt to ensure that the spirit of the departed does not become angry. Nairobi: East African Literature Bureau. At the same time Joseph Kony formed his own rebel group, More David Oyite-Ojok | Military Wiki | Fandom An individual had personal claim to land that he and his wife (or wives) had under cultivation or that had been cultivated but was lying fallow, and such rights passed from father to son. It was also during this period that the name Acholi was coined by the Arab traders, calling The men were skilled hunters, using nets and spears. This cookie is installed by Google Analytics. Localized patrilineal lineages, some of which have "brother" lineages of the same or different name in other parts of Acholi, have long been the fundamental social and economic units in Acholi. Domestic Unit. . T(h)uri Kumam During Obote's first term as president, and especially during his Comprising less than 5 percent of the country's population, during the early years of independence the Acholi constituted more than 15 percent of the police force and fully a third of the army. southeast by the Langi region and to the south, across the Nile, by Bunyoro. Significantly, iron-ore deposits were located mainly at or just beyond the western, northeastern, southeastern, and southern boundaries of what became Acholi, and trade for this iron created networks of movement and interaction that helped determine a collective identity within these boundaries. Idi Amin (1971-79) the Acholi were severely persecuted and their men systematically executed for their past association with the colonial army and for their support of Pres. [22], In January 1986, the junta government of Gen. Tito Okello-Lutwa in Uganda was overthrown by Museveni and his NRA rebels. Odongo, J. M. Onyango-ku-, and J. It is Even in this . While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. The available evidence suggests that conflict in Acholi before the end of the nineteenth century, both among Acholi chiefdoms and with neighboring peoples, was neither rare nor endemic. Abstract The aim of this thesis will be to decipher why Acholi ethnic identity remained such a critical political tool in late and post-colonial Uganda, from 1950-1985, just before the outbreak of civil war in 1986. Orientation These guns brought In addition to the MLA, Chicago, and APA styles, your school, university, publication, or institution may have its own requirements for citations. In response, Musevenis government forced 1.4 to 1.9 million civilians into camps where they ostensibly were to be protected by the Ugandan army. M.A. Corn (maize), sorghum, beans, squash, peanuts (groundnuts), and other savanna crops also are grown. Ethnic group of South Sudan and Northern Uganda, Atkinson, Ronald R. "The Evolution of Ethnicity among the Acholi of Uganda: The Precolonial Phase.". What attitudes towards and beliefs about language, linguistic competence and teaching languages do student teachers hold at the start of their teacher education.. How, It addresses the practices used for managing linguistic diversity in downstream relationships, particularly focusing on the role of language nodes at the, LINGUISTIC MEANING AND KNOWLEDGE REPRESENTATION IN AUTOMATIC UNDERSTANDING OF NATURAL LANGUAGE LINGUISTIC MEANING AND KNOWLEDGE REPRESENTATION IN AUTOMATIC UNDERSTANDING OF NATURAL LANGUAGE, Linguistic and Cognitive Measures in Arabic-Speaking English Linguistic and Cognitive Measures in Arabic-Speaking English Language Learners (ELLs) and monolingual children with and, Recently, Wang, Teng, and Chen (2015) conducted a study to examine students attitude toward the use of iPad in English Vocabulary Learning. Okot p'Bitek (1963). Acholi's role in the colonial economy was confined mainly to the peasant production of cotton as a cash crop and the provision of recruits for the colonial army or police and migrant labor for the more "developed" Buganda. The camps caused misery and sufferingwith a conservative death toll of 1,000 people a week. Idi Amin was also from north Uganda, but was of the Kakwa people. However, the date of retrieval is often important. Since independence, formal schooling has provided a strong socializing influence from outside the home for more and more Acholi, especially those attending secondary school. The Acholi sub-region is a part of the administrative region of Northern-Uganda. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". Stream and swamp fishing are important. rule and since independence, have often reflected preexisting The Song of Lawino, one of the most successful African literary works, was written by Okot p'Bitek, published in 1966 in Acholi, and later translated to English. Rwot, 'ruler'). The account of the Acholi reaching The Canadian government, for instance, will be more inclined to fund an organisation whose mandate is continental Africa rather than an association with a very narrow focus on Acholi problems. According to the reconstruction by Atkinson (2011 [1994]), the Acholi as a group emerged The Central Lwo during the Aconya. were able gain wealth by trading mainly in ivory. state, political organization of society, or the body politic, or, more narrowly, the institutions of government. of the nineteenth century, both among Acholi chiefdoms and with Ironworking, mainly but not entirely confined to certain lineages, appears to be almost as ancient as agriculture, going back perhaps to the first millennium b.c. Political Organization. This cookies is set by Youtube and is used to track the views of embedded videos. Acholi men say, Property cant own property, and the notion of women having independent land rights is an anomaly to them. the Lords Resistance Army (LRA), echoing some of the spiritual themes used by the Holy Spirit Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA). Makerere University (Kampala), Department of Geography. Uganda journal 27(1): 15-30. Administrative divisions within Acholi, however, both during colonial The Population Geography of Acholi District. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Dances and other activities surrounding spirit possession seem to have been originally introduced from Bunyoro in the early nineteenth century and then became more wide-spread during the tumultuous years of the latter part of that century. Soon after, the NRM started pacifying the northern region, which is home to several ethnics, including the Acholi and Lango. This special access to Uganda's security forces has alternately presented opportunity and danger as a succession of regimes replaced one another in a cycle of political violence often played out in ethnic (or "tribal") terms. The Acholi or Acoli are part of Luo-speaking Nilotic people of East Africa who lives predominantly in Northern Uganda (an area commonly referred to as Acholiland), including the districts of Agago, Amuru, Gulu, Kitgum, Nwoya, Lamwo, and Pader; and Magwe County in South Sudan. )[9], "Since independence in 1962, Uganda has been plagued by ethnically driven, politically manipulated violence referred to by some as a history of 'cycles of revenge and mistrust'. last large-scale conflict in Acholi until Amin came to power in 1971. Orientation in 1911 in response to the British confiscation of Acholi guns was the Verona: Editrice Nigrizia. By the mid-nineteenth century, about 60 small chiefdoms existed in eastern Acholiland. Okot p'Bitek (1971). Starting in the late seventeenth century, a new sociopolitical order developed among the Luo of Northern Uganda, mainly characterized by the formation of chiefdoms headed by Rwodi (sg. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". [11], After defeating Okello and his Acholi-dominated Uganda National Liberation Army, now-President Yoweri Museveni and his National Resistance Army conducted revenge killings in the north. The Acholi are proud and loud, but have been exposed as a group without a uniting leadership. Out of these, the cookies that are categorised as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list. Most prominent among them was the Uganda People's Army (UPA) in Teso and Lango sub region, the West Nile Bank Frontiers (WNBF) in the West Nile region, the Uganda People's Democratic Army, the Holy Spirit Movement and the LRA in the Acholi region. The old staples of eleusine (finger) millet, sorghum, sesame, and various peas, beans, and leafy green vegetables continue to be grown, along with twentieth-century crops such as cassava, maize, peanuts (groundnuts), fruits, and cotton. That is why the Lango neighbours refer to the Acholi as Ugangi, meaning people of the home. "In 1997, the Catholic, Anglican, Muslim, and later the Orthodox religious leaders of Acholi formalized their increasing cooperation on peace issues by setting up the Acholi Religious Leaders' Peace Initiative (ARLPI). The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. Kuturia Housein fired the first gun shot on Acholiland who had never seen and the northern parts remained ignored for a long time. Uganda - Government and society | Britannica interpreters began to accumulate some of the new wealth brought into The Acholi occupy a 39,000-square-kilometer area, three-fourths of which lies within Uganda, extending roughly from 215 to 4159 N and 3325 to 3345 E. Their neighbors include the Luo-speaking Lango, Paluo, and Alur to the south and southwest, the Central Sudanic-speaking Madi to the west, and the Eastern Nilotic Jie and Karamojong to the east. Building on a long-term relationship with the region and utilizing the methods of participant observation, semi-structured interviews, and a qualitative questionnaire, I identify two especially important social mechanisms that correlate with the prevalence . Each type of spirit had numerous ceremonies associated with it; many ceremonies included small offerings of food and drink. common identity had already formed prior to that during the 18th century. Divorce, which can occur for numerous reasons, is not uncommon and may or may not involve return of the bride-wealth; children, as members of the father's lineage, usually either stay with the father or return to him later. In September 1996, the Ugandan government moved hundreds of thousands of Acholi from the Gulu district into camps, ostensibly for their protection. ETHNONYMS: Balumbila, Batoka, Batonga, Bawe, Toka With the signing of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement in Sudan in 2005, and the establishment of the ex-rebel government in newly independent South Sudan in territory in which the LRA once operated freely, those lines of support have been substantially weakened, if not severed altogether. [9], In the 2000s, James Ojent Latigo described some of Uganda's social problems as based on the way the political elites have used ethnicities to divide the country. Historian Mark Curtis says that after Amin instigated a coup, Britain, the United States, and Israel quietly backed Amin and his campaign against the socialist-leaning President Milton Obote in 1971.